Which statement best describes late-stage OA subchondral bone changes?

• A. Subchondral bone sclerosis and osteophyte formation
• B. Decreased bone turnover
• C. Poor mineralization
• D. No deformation risk

Answer: (A)

In late-stage osteoarthritis, the bone just under the joint surface responds to cartilage loss with remodeling that increases density and forms new bone at the joint margins. This subchondral sclerosis—thickening and hardening of the subchondral bone—occurs as the bone adapts to abnormal stresses. Along the edges of the joint, osteophyte formation (bone spurs) is common, reflecting attempts to stabilize the joint as wear continues. Together, these changes are characteristic of advanced OA.

Decreased bone turnover isn’t typical here, since remodeling activity often remains high or becomes irregular in OA. Poor mineralization points to conditions like osteomalacia, not OA. And OA can lead to deformities due to joint surface loss and bone changes, so saying there’s no deformation risk isn’t accurate.